URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)& CIRCUMCISION The clinical benefit of infant circumcision preventing urinary tract infections (which is a cause of renal scarring). In 1982 Wisell confirmed a report of the higher incidence of UTIs christian louboutin shoes in high heels legs babby boys were in uncircumcised infants [Ginsburg & McCracken, 1982]. Wiswell and colleagues 1985 found that in 5261 infants born at one US Army hospital, 4% of UTI cases were in uncircumcised males, but was only 0.2% in those who were circumcised. Wiswell & Geschke 1989 then went on to examine the records for 427,698 infants (219,755 boys) born in US Armed Forces hospitals from 1975-79 and found that the uncircumcised had an 11-fold higher incidence of UTIs In a 1993 study by Wiswell & Hachey, 1993 of 209,399 infants born between 1985 and 1990 in US Army hospitals worldwide, 1046 (496 boys) got UTI in their first year of life The number was equal for boys and girls, but was 10 times higher for uncircumcised boys. Among the uncircumcised boys younger than 3 months, 23% had bacteremia, caused by the same organism responsible for the UTI. Wiswell performed a meta-analysis of all 9 studies that had been published up until 1992 and found that every one had observed an increase in UTI in the uncircumcised [Wiswell & Hachey, 1993]. The average was 12-fold higher and the range was 5- to 89-fold, with 95% confidence intervals of 11-14 [Wiswell & Hachey, 1993]. Meta-analyses by others royal blue high heels have reached similar conclusions. Schoen EJ, Colby CJ, Ray GT: showed that Newborn circumcision results in a 9. 1-fold decrease in incidence of UTI during the first year of life Newborn circumcision decreases incidence and costs of urinary tract infections in the first year of life. Pediatrics 2000, 105:789-793,) That finding has been repeatedly confirmed and the protective effect of newborn circumcision against UTI is well established. A report from Sweden¡ªwhere newborn circumcision is unusual¡ªshowed a preponderance of UTI in male infants although UTI is much more common in older girls. The younger the infant, the more likely and severe is designer heels the UTI and the greater the danger of sepsis and death. UTIs in infants manifest as pyelonephritis with high fever, usually requiring hospital admission and parenteral therapy, whereas UTI which develops later in life (usually cystitis) is milder and more easily treated. Imaging studies conducted after UTI in infants has resolved often show evidence of renal damage with scarring. Dr Martin Harris 020 8209 2401 high heels for men Temple Fortune Health Centre, Temple Fortune Ln, London, Greater London 020 8209 2401